History and Fundamentals

Often considered the “poor man’s gold” silver has been climbing the investment and demand charts since its discovery thousands of years ago in Anatolia, now modern day Turkey. Silver’s unique properties make it ideal for thousands of applications found in every day life.

Silver is:

1. The best conductor of electricity of all Metals
2. The best conductor of heat of all metals
3. The most reflective of metals
4. A powerful anti-bacterial & anti-viral agent
5. Malleable and ductile
6. Valued for its beauty

Silver is found today in mines around the world; the top producing mining countries are Peru, Mexico and China.

HISTORY OF SILVER MINING

3000 BC The first major silver mines were discovered in Anatolia, modern day Turkey.

1st C. AD Roman discoveries developed Spain into a major silver producer.

Early 1500s After Columbus’ New World expeditions, the discovery of huge, prolific silver deposits in Mexico, Peru and Bolivia changed the focus of silver mining and enriched the Spanish Empire for 300 years.

1500 – 1875 Approximately 1.5 billion ounces mined in Mexico with the majority produced during the 1700’s. 1700s The backbone of the Spanish Empire was the
one billion ounces of silver produced from Veta Madre (The Mother Vein) in Guanajuato Mexico (Endeavour Silver has mines hosted in the Veta Madre) .

1857 Silver mining became an important industry in the State of Nevada (The Silver State) when the fabled Comstock Lode was discovered.

1859 – 1877 Comstock yielded silver and gold with a value aproaching $400 million, the equivalent of more than $500 billion today.

1900 – 1920 50 per cent expansion in global production to about 190 million troy ounces annually spurred by discoveries in several countries including Canada, the United States and Mexico.

1921 – Present Improved techniques in ore separation allowed for concentration of silver with lead, zinc and copper. The explosion in production of these various base-metal sources has led to an increase in both silver output and silver usage. 3000BC – Present All the silver ever mined would fit in a 55 metre cube.

3000BC – Present All the silver ever mined would fit in a 55 metre cube.

HISTORY OF SILVER AS CURRENCY

CA 2500 BC Silver first introduced into Egypt and was considered more valuable than gold.

475 BC China was the first country to monetize silver.

775 AD “British Pounds Sterling”: in approximately 775 AD the Saxon kingdoms issued silver coins known as “sterlings”, 240 of them being minted out of one pound of silver. Large payments were reckoned in “pounds of sterling” later shortened to “pounds sterling.”

1072 After the Norman Conquest, the pound was divided for simplicity of accounting into 20 shillings and 240 pence or pennies.

1497 Spanish “Pieces of Eight” were coins first struck in 1497 containing a high silver purity and weight. They were the basis of the monetary system of the Spanish Empire and were widely circulated around the world. They were accepted as legal tender in the US until 1857.

1600’s – 1900’s The Mexican Peso evolved into one of the world’s strongest and most widely accepted currencies due to its silver content.

1800s By the mid 1800s, China through trade and mercantilism, was in possession of 50% of the world’s above ground silver. The British sold opium to China in exchange for tea, silk and silver – a factor in the Opium Wars between Great Britain and China during the mid -1800s.

1930s Silver was used as China’s official currency until the 1930s.

SILVER APPLICATIONS

Industrial:

As the best conductor of electricity, silver has a multiple of uses in switches, contacts and fuses in electrical appliances, automobiles and electronics such as computers, TV’s, DVD + CD players and cell phones.

Chemical reactions use silver as a catalyst; approximately 700 tons of silver are consumed annually in the production of plastics. Mitsui of Japan is developing a catalytic converter for diesel engines using silver as opposed to platinum or palladium.

Billions of silver oxide-zinc batteries are produced annually for use in watches, cameras and small electronic devices.

Invisible silver is a thin coating of silver on double thermal windows. This coating not only rejects the heat from the sun, but also reflects internal heat inward.

As the most reflective of metals, silver is used in specialized optical devices, automobile windshields and for both commercial and household mirrors.

Very little silver used in industrial applications is re-cycled, it is consumed.

Health:

Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, wrote that silver had beneficial, anti-disease properties.

Wealthy, ancient Greeks, Romans and Phoenicians stored their wine, water and oil in silver jugs to maintain their freshness and prevent spoiling.

Silver compounds show a toxic effect on some bacteria, viruses, algae and fungi. Health and medical applications of silver are wide ranging and its uses include dressings and ointments for burns and wounds, anti-bacterial pharmaceuticals, coatings on hospital implements and surfaces, to name a few.

Silver is being used to treat wastewater and to treat streams containing radioactive and biological contaminants.

Silver is increasingly being used for water purification and as an anti-bacterial agent in swimming pools.

Clothing is being manufactured with silver impregnated fabric to kill bacteria and fungi in order to reduce disease and odour. Military uniforms, sporting wear and everyday clothing are now produced that contain this special fabric.

Recent research shows that silver also promotes the production of new cells, increasing the rate of healing wounds and bone.

Alexander the Great was advised by Aristotle to store boiled water in silver containers to prevent diseases caused by contaminated water

ANNUAL USES OF SILVER

2008 % of Total Use

Jewerly and Silverware 261.0   37.7 %

Photography 140.7   20.3 %

Electronics and Batteries 123.4   17.8 %

Brazing Alloys/Solders 51.6   7.4 %

Coinage 28.2   4.1 %

Super Conductors 18.0  2.6 %

Mirror 11.3   1.6 %

Caustic Silver 7.2   1.0 %

Tube, Sheet and Bar 6.3  0.9 %

Biocides 6.0   0.9 %

Miscellanous 39.5   5.7 %

“Gold is the sweat of the sun, silver is the tears of the moon”
Inca proverb

Silver Fundamentals

History of Silver contributed by Hugh Clarke, VP Corporate Communications Endeavour Silver Corp. www.edrsilver.com

Getting a tattoo from this guy? Better question, who could possibly fall asleep getting tattoos from our friend above?

GIRL HAS 56 STARS TATTOOED ON FACE

Eighteen-year-old Kimberley Vlaminck went to a local parlor called The Tattoo Box, and was given to Romanian tattoo artist Rouslan Toumaniantz. Vlaminck claims that she only asked for three stars to be tattooed on her face. She has stated that he only spoke broken English and French but tried to be clear as possible about what she wanted.

Vlaminck says she then fell asleep during the procedure and awoke to instead find 56 stars across the left side of her face! She is now suing him for $14,000, the cost of the laser surgery she will need to remove the tattoos.

However, Toumaniantz is fighting back, saying that he gave her exactly what she wanted. “She was awake and looked into the mirror several times as the procedure was taking place. The trouble all started when she went home and her father and boyfriend threw a fit.”

Her story does raise a number of questions. Why did she pay and leave the tattoo parlour without complaining? Why was it not a problem until she arrived at home?

And most confusingly, who is capable of falling asleep while a very tender part of their body is being tattooed?